Article 24 of the Indian Constitution

Article 24 is part of the Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution. It reads: “24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, e

Article 24 of the Indian Constitution

India’s Constitution is not just a legal document — it’s a promise of justice, equality, and dignity for every human being. After independence, our leaders understood that political freedom alone wasn’t enough — India also needed social and economic freedom.

One of the most heartbreaking realities of pre-independence India was child labor. Millions of children were forced to work in factories, fields, and homes under inhuman conditions — instead of going to school or playing with friends, they spent their childhood earning a few coins or paying off family debts.

To end this exploitation, the framers of our Constitution added Article 24 — a powerful and compassionate provision that prohibits child labor in hazardous industries and factories.

While Article 23 (which you read earlier) abolished human trafficking and forced labor for all, Article 24 focuses specifically on children, ensuring that they are not robbed of their childhood through physical or economic exploitation.

Let’s dive deep into Article 24 — what it says, why it was created, how it has been implemented, and why it remains so important even today.

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What Is Article 24 of the Indian Constitution?

Article 24 is part of the Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution. It reads:

“24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.—
No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.”

In simple words, Article 24 says:

• No child below 14 years of age can be employed in factories or mines.

• Children cannot be made to work in any job that is dangerous to their health or development.

This Article ensures that every child is protected from exploitation and has the chance to live a safe and healthy childhood.

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Background — Why Article 24 Was Needed

Before independence, child labor was extremely common in India. The British colonial system, the caste system, and poverty combined to push children into harsh working conditions.

In factories, mines, and households, children were used as cheap labor because they were easy to control and paid very little.

They worked in:

• Textile mills, pulling threads and cleaning machines.

• Coal mines, digging and carrying heavy loads.

• Match factories, where poisonous chemicals caused diseases.

• Agriculture and domestic work, from sunrise to sunset.

Many died due to overwork, accidents, and poor health.

When India became independent, leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, and Mahatma Gandhi strongly opposed child labor. They believed that a free India must protect its children — the future of the nation.

That’s why Article 24 was added — to ensure that childhood is a time for education and growth, not for exploitation and suffering.

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Objective of Article 24

The main objective of Article 24 is to protect children from economic exploitation and safeguard their right to health, education, and development.

It aims to:

1. End the use of child labor in hazardous and exploitative industries.

2. Ensure that children go to school instead of factories.

3. Promote equality by preventing the poor from being forced into labor.

4. Build a healthy and educated future generation.

It reflects the broader vision of the Constitution — to create a welfare state where the weakest members of society are protected.

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Scope and Nature of Article 24

Article 24 is a negative right, meaning it prohibits certain actions (employment of children in dangerous work).

It is absolute in nature, meaning no exception is allowed — no child below 14 can be made to work in a hazardous occupation, under any circumstances.

It applies to:

• Factories (industrial production units).

• Mines (underground or open-pit work).

• Any other hazardous employment — like construction, chemical factories, fireworks, etc.

This Article also applies to private employers and government organizations alike — no one is exempt.

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Who Is a “Child” Under Article 24?

According to Article 24, a child is any person below the age of 14 years.

However, in other laws (like the Child Labour Act or Juvenile Justice Act), the definition sometimes varies slightly — usually referring to anyone below 18 years as a “minor” or “adolescent.”

But for the purpose of Article 24, the limit is clearly set at 14 years.

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Relation Between Article 24 and Other Articles

Article 24 is part of the larger vision of child welfare and human rights in the Constitution. It works alongside other provisions to protect and uplift children.

Article	Provision	Purpose
Article 21	Right to life and personal liberty	Includes the right to live with dignity and get education
Article 21A	Right to free and compulsory education for children aged 6–14 years	Ensures that children go to school, not work
Article 23	Prohibits human trafficking and forced labor	Prevents child labor through coercion
Article 39(e)	Directive Principle of State Policy	Protects children from abuse and exploitation
Article 45	Directive Principle	Provides early childhood care and education for children below 6 years

Together, these Articles form a strong constitutional network that supports the welfare, protection, and education of children in India.

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Laws Implementing Article 24

Article 24 lays down the principle, but Parliament has passed several laws to make it effective in real life. Let’s look at the most important ones:

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1. The Factories Act, 1948

This was one of the earliest laws to regulate child labor.

It prohibits the employment of children below 14 years in factories and sets strict rules for working conditions of adolescents (aged 15–18 years).

It also ensures:

• No child can work more than 4.5 hours a day.

• Children can’t work at night.

• Proper rest and safety must be provided.

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2. The Mines Act, 1952

This Act prohibits the employment of children under 18 years in mines — recognizing the high risk of accidents and health hazards in mining.

It also requires strict safety measures for young workers above 18.

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3. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986

This is one of the most important laws related to Article 24.

It prohibits the employment of children below 14 years in hazardous occupations and processes, such as:

• Chemical factories

• Match and firework factories

• Carpet weaving

• Construction work

• Glass blowing

It also regulates working hours and conditions for children in non-hazardous jobs.

Later, it was amended by the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016, which made the law even stricter.

Under the 2016 amendment:

• Employment of children below 14 is prohibited in all occupations, except for helping family in non-hazardous work.

• Adolescents (14–18 years) are banned from working in hazardous industries.

• Punishments for employers include imprisonment and fines.

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4. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009

The RTE Act makes education a fundamental right for children between 6 and 14 years.

By making school compulsory, it indirectly helps eliminate child labor — because if children are in classrooms, they can’t be in factories.

This Act gives a positive direction to Article 24 — it doesn’t just prohibit child labor but promotes education as an alternative.

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5. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015

This law provides for the care, protection, and rehabilitation of children in need.

If a child is found working illegally, authorities must not just punish the employer but also rehabilitate the child, ensuring they go back to school or a safe home.

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Landmark Supreme Court Judgments on Article 24

The Indian judiciary has interpreted and expanded the scope of Article 24 in several important cases. Let’s look at some landmark rulings.

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1. M. C. Mehta vs State of Tamil Nadu (1996) — Child Labour in Match Factories

This is one of the most famous cases related to Article 24.

A PIL was filed regarding children working in hazardous match factories in Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu.

The Supreme Court held that employing children in such industries violates Article 24 and directed:

• Immediate ban on child labor in hazardous jobs.

• Establishment of a Child Labour Rehabilitation Welfare Fund.

• Compulsory education for rescued children.

This judgment became a milestone in the fight against child labor in India.

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2. People’s Union for Democratic Rights vs Union of India (1982)

In this case (also known as the Asiad Workers’ Case), the Supreme Court declared that employing children below 14 years in construction work violated both Article 24 and the Employment of Children Act, 1938.

The Court also emphasized that the right to live with dignity under Article 21 includes the right of children not to be exploited.

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3. Bandhua Mukti Morcha vs Union of India (1984)

This case exposed large-scale bonded and child labor in stone quarries.

The Court held that freedom from forced labor and child exploitation is part of the right to life and dignity under Articles 21 and 24.

It directed the government to identify, release, and rehabilitate all child laborers.

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4. Unnikrishnan vs State of Andhra Pradesh (1993)

In this case, the Supreme Court declared education as a fundamental right under Article 21.

This judgment later inspired the insertion of Article 21A, making education compulsory for children aged 6–14 — reinforcing the goal of Article 24.

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5. Salal Hydro Project vs State of Jammu & Kashmir (1984)

The Court ruled that even if poor parents send their children to work out of helplessness, it still violates Article 24. Poverty cannot be an excuse for child labor.

This case highlighted the need for social and economic reform, not just punishment.

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Challenges in Implementing Article 24

Even though Article 24 and related laws exist, child labor remains a serious problem in India.

According to the 2011 Census, over 10.1 million children between ages 5 and 14 were engaged in labor — though the numbers have been decreasing gradually.

Some major challenges include:

1. Poverty and Unemployment

Poor families often rely on children’s income for survival. Until poverty is addressed, child labor cannot be completely eradicated.

2. Lack of Education

In many rural areas, schools are far away or poorly equipped, making work seem like a better option.

3. Unorganized Sector

Most child labor happens in small workshops, farms, or homes — which are difficult for the government to monitor.

4. Weak Law Enforcement

Corruption, lack of inspections, and poor rehabilitation make enforcement weak.

5. Social Acceptance

In some communities, child labor is still seen as normal or necessary — especially in family-based industries.

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Role of the Government and NGOs

The government and civil society have taken several steps to eliminate child labor and enforce Article 24 effectively.

Some major initiatives include:

1. National Child Labour Project (NCLP), 1988

This program identifies working children, withdraws them from hazardous jobs, and provides education, nutrition, and training.

2. Operation Smile & Operation Muskaan

These campaigns rescue missing and trafficked children and reunite them with families.

3. Mid-Day Meal Scheme

By providing free meals in schools, the government encourages children from poor families to attend school instead of working.

4. Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)

Provides institutional care, adoption services, and child welfare programs.

5. NGOs like Bachpan Bachao Andolan (founded by Nobel Laureate Kailash Satyarthi)

They have rescued thousands of child laborers and helped them return to school.

These combined efforts aim to turn the vision of Article 24 into a living reality.

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International Support and Treaties

India’s commitment to abolishing child labor is also backed by international agreements:

• UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) — India ratified it in 1992.

• ILO Convention No. 138 — on minimum age for employment.

• ILO Convention No. 182 — on the worst forms of child labor.

By following these global standards, India shows that Article 24 is not just a national law but part of a global fight against child exploitation.

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Difference Between Article 23 and Article 24

Aspect	Article 23	Article 24
Focus	Prohibits forced labor and human trafficking	Prohibits child labor in factories, mines, and hazardous jobs
Applies to	All persons (citizens and non-citizens)	Only children below 14 years
Nature	General protection against exploitation	Specific protection for children
Exceptions	Allows compulsory service for public purpose	No exceptions
Objective	To protect all humans from exploitation	To protect children from economic and physical exploitation

Together, these Articles form the foundation of social justice in India’s Constitution.

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Importance of Article 24 in Modern India

Even in the 21st century, Article 24 remains incredibly relevant. While visible forms of child labor are declining, hidden forms still exist in domestic work, online services, and informal sectors.

Article 24 continues to serve as a moral and legal shield for millions of children, ensuring that:

• No child is exploited for profit.

• Every child has the right to safety, health, and education.

• The State and society share responsibility for protecting childhood.

It is not just a law — it is India’s moral commitment to its future generations.

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Way Forward — How India Can Fully Realize Article 24

To make Article 24 truly effective, India needs to:

1. Strengthen education systems in rural areas.

2. Increase family income through social welfare schemes.

3. Create strict monitoring systems for industries and small businesses.

4. Promote social awareness about the harms of child labor.

5. Rehabilitate rescued children with education, nutrition, and counseling.

Only when every child is free to learn, play, and dream can we say that Article 24’s goal has been achieved.

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Conclusion

Article 24 of the Indian Constitution is one of the most compassionate and visionary laws ever written. It ensures that children — the most innocent and vulnerable members of society — are protected from exploitation and given a chance to live a dignified life.

It transforms the idea of freedom into something deeper — not just the right to vote or speak, but the right to a safe and happy childhood.

Even today, millions of children still face the threat of exploitation, poverty, and neglect. But Article 24 stands as a guiding light — a reminder that the nation’s strength depends on how it treats its children.

As Dr. B. R. Ambedkar said, “Children are the assets of the nation. Their proper development means the prosperity of the country.”

So, every time we protect a child from labor, send one to school, or fight against exploitation — we aren’t just following the Constitution. We are honoring the promise of Article 24 — the promise that in India, every child deserves freedom, dignity, and a future.