Class 12 Chemistry All Chapter Name (Based on NCERT Syllabus)

Class 12 Chemistry is an essential subject for students aiming to build a strong foundation in science and pursue careers in medicine, engineering, or

Class 12 Chemistry is an essential subject for students aiming to build a strong foundation in science and pursue careers in medicine, engineering, or research. The syllabus is divided into three branches: Physical, Inorganic, and Organic Chemistry. 

It covers critical topics such as The Solid State, Electrochemistry, Coordination Compounds, Haloalkanes, and Biomolecules. Each chapter focuses on theoretical concepts and practical applications, preparing students for competitive exams like JEE and NEET. 

Understanding these chapters thoroughly not only helps in excelling academically but also in applying chemistry to real-life scenarios. Let’s explore all the chapter names in Class 12 Chemistry!

Class 12 Chemistry Chapters Name (Based on NCERT Syllabus)

1. The Solid State

• Types of solids: crystalline and amorphous
• Unit cells and crystal lattices
• Packing in solids: close-packing, voids
• Density of unit cell
• Imperfections in solids (point defects)
• Electrical and magnetic properties

2. Solutions

• Types of solutions
• Methods of expressing concentration (molarity, molality, mole fraction)
• Raoult's law and its applications
• Colligative properties (relative lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure)
• Abnormal molar masses (van’t Hoff factor)

3. Electrochemistry

• Conductance of electrolytic solutions (specific and molar conductivity)
• Kohlrausch’s law and its applications
• Electrochemical cells (galvanic cells and electrolytic cells)
• Nernst equation and its applications
• Electrolysis and Faraday’s laws
• Batteries (primary and secondary)
• Fuel cells and corrosion

4. Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of a reaction and factors affecting it
• Rate law and order of reaction
• Integrated rate equations (zero-order and first-order reactions)
• Half-life of a reaction
• Arrhenius equation and activation energy
• Collision theory of chemical reactions

5. Surface Chemistry

• Adsorption: types and isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir)
• Catalysis: homogeneous and heterogeneous
• Colloids: preparation, properties, and classification
• Emulsions and gels
• Applications of surface chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry Chapters in Class 12

1. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

• Methods of extraction: hydraulic washing, magnetic separation, froth floatation
• Thermodynamic principles (Ellingham diagrams)
• Electrolytic reduction and refining of metals
• Applications of aluminium, copper, zinc, and iron

2. The p-Block Elements (Groups 15 to 18)

• Group 15 (Nitrogen Family):
  • General trends and properties
  • Compounds of nitrogen: ammonia, nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen
  • Phosphorus compounds: phosphine, phosphorus halides, oxoacids
• Group 16 (Oxygen Family):
  • Trends in properties
  • Ozone, oxides, and peroxides
  • Sulfur compounds: sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid
• Group 17 (Halogens):
  • Trends in properties
  • Interhalogen compounds
  • Polyhalides
• Group 18 (Noble Gases):
  • Physical and chemical properties
  • Xenon compounds: XeF2, XeF4, XeF6

3. The d-Block Elements (Transition Elements)

• Properties of transition elements (variable oxidation states, colored ions, magnetic properties)
• Trends in properties such as atomic size, ionization enthalpy, and reactivity
• Important compounds: potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate

4. The f-Block Elements (Lanthanides and Actinides)

• Lanthanides: properties, lanthanide contraction
• Actinides: oxidation states and properties
• Comparison of lanthanides and actinides

5. Coordination Compounds

• Werner’s theory of coordination compounds
• Nomenclature of coordination compounds
• Isomerism in coordination compounds
• Bonding: Valence Bond Theory (VBT) and Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
• Applications of coordination compounds (biological, industrial)

Organic Chemistry Chapters in Class 12

1. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

• Nomenclature and classification
• Preparation: from alcohols, hydrocarbons, halogen exchange
• Properties: physical and chemical
• Reactions: nucleophilic substitution (SN1 and SN2 mechanisms), elimination reactions
• Uses and environmental effects (e.g., pesticides, solvents)

2. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

• Alcohols: Preparation (hydration of alkenes, reduction of aldehydes/ketones)
  • Properties: acidity, reactions with HX, oxidation
• Phenols: Preparation (from haloarenes, cumene process)
  • Properties: acidic character, electrophilic substitution reactions (nitration, halogenation)
• Ethers: Preparation (Williamson synthesis, dehydration of alcohols)
  • Properties: cleavage with HX

3. Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

• Aldehydes and Ketones:
  • Preparation: oxidation of alcohols, ozonolysis of alkenes
  • Properties: nucleophilic addition, reactions with Grignard reagents, aldol condensation
• Carboxylic Acids:
  • Preparation: oxidation of aldehydes, hydrolysis of nitriles
  • Properties: acidic nature, decarboxylation, substitution reactions

4. Amines

• Classification: primary, secondary, tertiary
• Preparation: reduction of nitro compounds, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
• Properties: basic character, reactions with nitrous acid, electrophilic substitution in aromatic amines
• Uses of amines in pharmaceuticals and dyes

5. Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates: Classification (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides), structure of glucose, fructose
• Proteins: Structure (primary, secondary, tertiary), peptide bonds
• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA structure, functions
• Vitamins: Types and importance

6. Polymers

• Types of polymers: addition, condensation, copolymers
• Examples: polyethylene, bakelite, nylon, rubber (natural and synthetic)
• Biodegradable polymers

7. Chemistry in Everyday Life

• Drugs: types (antipyretics, analgesics, antiseptics, tranquilizers)
• Cleansing agents: soaps and detergents
• Food additives and preservatives

This covers the NCERT syllabus and is applicable to most Class 12 Chemistry curricula in India. Let me know if you need chapter-wise summaries or details!